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# The following four lines of boilerplate have to be in your project's CMakeLists
# in this exact order for cmake to work correctly
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)
include($ENV{IDF_PATH}/tools/cmake/project.cmake)
# "Trim" the build. Include the minimal set of components, main, and anything it depends on.
idf_build_set_property(MINIMAL_BUILD ON)
project(mqtt_websocket_secure)
target_add_binary_data(${PROJECT_NAME}.elf "main/mqtt_eclipseprojects_io.pem" TEXT)

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| Supported Targets | ESP32 | ESP32-C2 | ESP32-C3 | ESP32-C5 | ESP32-C6 | ESP32-C61 | ESP32-H2 | ESP32-P4 | ESP32-S2 | ESP32-S3 |
| ----------------- | ----- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | --------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
# ESP-MQTT MQTT over WSS Sample application
(See the README.md file in the upper level 'examples' directory for more information about examples.)
This example connects to the broker mqtt.eclipseprojects.io over secure websockets and as a demonstration subscribes/unsubscribes and send a message on certain topic.
(Please note that the public broker is maintained by the community so may not be always available, for details please see this [disclaimer](https://iot.eclipse.org/getting-started/#sandboxes))
It uses ESP-MQTT library which implements mqtt client to connect to mqtt broker.
## How to use example
### Hardware Required
This example can be executed on any ESP32 board, the only required interface is WiFi and connection to internet.
### Configure the project
* Open the project configuration menu (`idf.py menuconfig`)
* Configure Wi-Fi or Ethernet under "Example Connection Configuration" menu. See "Establishing Wi-Fi or Ethernet Connection" section in [examples/protocols/README.md](../../README.md) for more details.
Note how to create a PEM certificate for mqtt.eclipseprojects.io:
PEM certificate for this example could be extracted from an openssl `s_client` command connecting to mqtt.eclipseprojects.io.
In case a host operating system has `openssl` and `sed` packages installed, one could execute the following command to download and save the root certificate to a file (Note for Windows users: Both Linux like environment or Windows native packages may be used).
```
echo "" | openssl s_client -showcerts -connect mqtt.eclipseprojects.io:443 | sed -n "1,/Root/d; /BEGIN/,/END/p" | openssl x509 -outform PEM >mqtt_eclipse_org.pem
```
Please note that this is not a general command for downloading a root certificate for an arbitrary host;
this command works with mqtt.eclipseprojects.io as the site provides root certificate in the chain, which then could be extracted
with text operation.
### Build and Flash
Build the project and flash it to the board, then run monitor tool to view serial output:
```
idf.py -p PORT flash monitor
```
(To exit the serial monitor, type ``Ctrl-]``.)
See the Getting Started Guide for full steps to configure and use ESP-IDF to build projects.
## Example Output
```
I (3714) event: sta ip: 192.168.0.139, mask: 255.255.255.0, gw: 192.168.0.2
I (3714) system_api: Base MAC address is not set, read default base MAC address from BLK0 of EFUSE
I (3964) MQTT_CLIENT: Sending MQTT CONNECT message, type: 1, id: 0000
I (4164) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: MQTT_EVENT_CONNECTED
I (4174) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: sent publish successful, msg_id=41464
I (4174) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: sent subscribe successful, msg_id=17886
I (4174) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: sent subscribe successful, msg_id=42970
I (4184) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: sent unsubscribe successful, msg_id=50241
I (4314) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: MQTT_EVENT_PUBLISHED, msg_id=41464
I (4484) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: MQTT_EVENT_SUBSCRIBED, msg_id=17886
I (4484) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: sent publish successful, msg_id=0
I (4684) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: MQTT_EVENT_SUBSCRIBED, msg_id=42970
I (4684) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: sent publish successful, msg_id=0
I (4884) MQTT_CLIENT: deliver_publish, message_length_read=19, message_length=19
I (4884) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: MQTT_EVENT_DATA
TOPIC=/topic/qos0
DATA=data
I (5194) MQTT_CLIENT: deliver_publish, message_length_read=19, message_length=19
I (5194) MQTTWSS_EXAMPLE: MQTT_EVENT_DATA
TOPIC=/topic/qos0
DATA=data
```

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idf_component_register(SRCS "app_main.c"
PRIV_REQUIRES mqtt esp_wifi nvs_flash
INCLUDE_DIRS ".")

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menu "Example Configuration"
config BROKER_URI
string "Broker URL"
default "wss://mqtt.eclipseprojects.io:443/mqtt"
help
URL of an mqtt broker which this example connects to.
config BROKER_CERTIFICATE_OVERRIDE
string "Server certificate override"
default ""
help
Please leave empty if server certificate included from a textfile; otherwise fill in a base64 part of PEM
format certificate
config BROKER_CERTIFICATE_OVERRIDDEN
bool
default y if BROKER_CERTIFICATE_OVERRIDE != ""
endmenu

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/* MQTT over Secure Websockets Example
This example code is in the Public Domain (or CC0 licensed, at your option.)
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, this
software is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR
CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "esp_wifi.h"
#include "esp_system.h"
#include "nvs_flash.h"
#include "esp_event.h"
#include "esp_netif.h"
#include "protocol_examples_common.h"
#include "freertos/FreeRTOS.h"
#include "freertos/task.h"
#include "freertos/semphr.h"
#include "freertos/queue.h"
#include "lwip/sockets.h"
#include "lwip/dns.h"
#include "lwip/netdb.h"
#include "esp_log.h"
#include "mqtt_client.h"
static const char *TAG = "mqttwss_example";
#if CONFIG_BROKER_CERTIFICATE_OVERRIDDEN == 1
static const uint8_t mqtt_eclipseprojects_io_pem_start[] = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n" CONFIG_BROKER_CERTIFICATE_OVERRIDE "\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----";
#else
extern const uint8_t mqtt_eclipseprojects_io_pem_start[] asm("_binary_mqtt_eclipseprojects_io_pem_start");
#endif
extern const uint8_t mqtt_eclipseprojects_io_pem_end[] asm("_binary_mqtt_eclipseprojects_io_pem_end");
static esp_err_t mqtt_event_handler_cb(esp_mqtt_event_handle_t event)
{
esp_mqtt_client_handle_t client = event->client;
int msg_id;
// your_context_t *context = event->context;
switch (event->event_id) {
case MQTT_EVENT_CONNECTED:
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "MQTT_EVENT_CONNECTED");
msg_id = esp_mqtt_client_subscribe(client, "/topic/qos0", 0);
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "sent subscribe successful, msg_id=%d", msg_id);
msg_id = esp_mqtt_client_subscribe(client, "/topic/qos1", 1);
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "sent subscribe successful, msg_id=%d", msg_id);
msg_id = esp_mqtt_client_unsubscribe(client, "/topic/qos1");
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "sent unsubscribe successful, msg_id=%d", msg_id);
break;
case MQTT_EVENT_DISCONNECTED:
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "MQTT_EVENT_DISCONNECTED");
break;
case MQTT_EVENT_SUBSCRIBED:
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "MQTT_EVENT_SUBSCRIBED, msg_id=%d, return code=0x%02x ", event->msg_id, (uint8_t)*event->data);
msg_id = esp_mqtt_client_publish(client, "/topic/qos0", "data", 0, 0, 0);
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "sent publish successful, msg_id=%d", msg_id);
break;
case MQTT_EVENT_UNSUBSCRIBED:
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "MQTT_EVENT_UNSUBSCRIBED, msg_id=%d", event->msg_id);
break;
case MQTT_EVENT_PUBLISHED:
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "MQTT_EVENT_PUBLISHED, msg_id=%d", event->msg_id);
break;
case MQTT_EVENT_DATA:
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "MQTT_EVENT_DATA");
printf("TOPIC=%.*s\r\n", event->topic_len, event->topic);
printf("DATA=%.*s\r\n", event->data_len, event->data);
break;
case MQTT_EVENT_ERROR:
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "MQTT_EVENT_ERROR");
break;
default:
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Other event id:%d", event->event_id);
break;
}
return ESP_OK;
}
static void mqtt_event_handler(void *handler_args, esp_event_base_t base, int32_t event_id, void *event_data)
{
/* The argument passed to esp_mqtt_client_register_event can de accessed as handler_args*/
ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Event dispatched from event loop base=%s, event_id=%" PRIi32, base, event_id);
mqtt_event_handler_cb(event_data);
}
static void mqtt_app_start(void)
{
const esp_mqtt_client_config_t mqtt_cfg = {
.broker.address.uri = CONFIG_BROKER_URI,
.broker.verification.certificate = (const char *)mqtt_eclipseprojects_io_pem_start,
};
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[APP] Free memory: %" PRIu32 " bytes", esp_get_free_heap_size());
esp_mqtt_client_handle_t client = esp_mqtt_client_init(&mqtt_cfg);
/* The last argument may be used to pass data to the event handler, in this example mqtt_event_handler */
esp_mqtt_client_register_event(client, ESP_EVENT_ANY_ID, mqtt_event_handler, NULL);
esp_mqtt_client_start(client);
}
void app_main(void)
{
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[APP] Startup..");
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[APP] Free memory: %" PRIu32 " bytes", esp_get_free_heap_size());
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[APP] IDF version: %s", esp_get_idf_version());
esp_log_level_set("*", ESP_LOG_INFO);
esp_log_level_set("mqtt_client", ESP_LOG_VERBOSE);
esp_log_level_set("mqtt_example", ESP_LOG_VERBOSE);
esp_log_level_set("transport_base", ESP_LOG_VERBOSE);
esp_log_level_set("transport", ESP_LOG_VERBOSE);
esp_log_level_set("outbox", ESP_LOG_VERBOSE);
ESP_ERROR_CHECK(nvs_flash_init());
ESP_ERROR_CHECK(esp_netif_init());
ESP_ERROR_CHECK(esp_event_loop_create_default());
/* This helper function configures Wi-Fi or Ethernet, as selected in menuconfig.
* Read "Establishing Wi-Fi or Ethernet Connection" section in
* examples/protocols/README.md for more information about this function.
*/
ESP_ERROR_CHECK(example_connect());
mqtt_app_start();
}

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dependencies:
espressif/mqtt:
version: '*'
protocol_examples_common:
path: ${IDF_PATH}/examples/common_components/protocol_examples_common

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-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

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#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022-2025 Espressif Systems (Shanghai) CO LTD
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicense OR CC0-1.0
import logging
import os
import re
import ssl
import sys
from threading import Event
from threading import Thread
import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
import pexpect
import pytest
from pytest_embedded import Dut
from pytest_embedded_idf.utils import idf_parametrize
event_client_connected = Event()
event_stop_client = Event()
event_client_received_correct = Event()
message_log = ''
# The callback for when the client receives a CONNACK response from the server.
def on_connect(client, userdata, flags, rc): # type: (mqtt.Client, tuple, bool, str) -> None
_ = (userdata, flags)
print('Connected with result code ' + str(rc))
event_client_connected.set()
client.subscribe('/topic/qos0')
def mqtt_client_task(client): # type: (mqtt.Client) -> None
while not event_stop_client.is_set():
client.loop()
# The callback for when a PUBLISH message is received from the server.
def on_message(client, userdata, msg): # type: (mqtt.Client, tuple, mqtt.client.MQTTMessage) -> None
_ = userdata
global message_log
payload = msg.payload.decode()
if not event_client_received_correct.is_set() and payload == 'data':
client.publish('/topic/qos0', 'data_to_esp32')
if msg.topic == '/topic/qos0' and payload == 'data':
event_client_received_correct.set()
message_log += 'Received data:' + msg.topic + ' ' + payload + '\n'
@pytest.mark.ethernet
@idf_parametrize('target', ['esp32'], indirect=['target'])
def test_examples_protocol_mqtt_wss(dut): # type: (Dut) -> None
broker_url = ''
broker_port = 0
"""
steps: |
1. join AP and connects to wss broker
2. Test connects a client to the same broker
3. Test evaluates it received correct qos0 message
4. Test ESP32 client received correct qos0 message
"""
# check and log bin size
binary_file = os.path.join(dut.app.binary_path, 'mqtt_websocket_secure.bin')
bin_size = os.path.getsize(binary_file)
logging.info('[Performance][mqtt_websocket_secure_bin_size]: %s KB', bin_size // 1024)
# Look for host:port in sdkconfig
try:
value = re.search(r'\:\/\/([^:]+)\:([0-9]+)', dut.app.sdkconfig.get('BROKER_URI'))
assert value is not None
broker_url = value.group(1)
broker_port = int(value.group(2))
except Exception:
print('ENV_TEST_FAILURE: Cannot find broker url in sdkconfig')
raise
client = None
# 1. Test connects to a broker
try:
client = mqtt.Client(transport='websockets')
client.on_connect = on_connect
client.on_message = on_message
client.tls_set(None, None, None, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_NONE, tls_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2, ciphers=None)
print('Connecting...')
client.connect(broker_url, broker_port, 60)
except Exception:
print(
'ENV_TEST_FAILURE: Unexpected error while connecting to broker {}: {}:'.format(
broker_url, sys.exc_info()[0]
)
)
raise
# Starting a py-client in a separate thread
thread1 = Thread(target=mqtt_client_task, args=(client,))
thread1.start()
try:
print('Connecting py-client to broker {}:{}...'.format(broker_url, broker_port))
if not event_client_connected.wait(timeout=30):
raise ValueError('ENV_TEST_FAILURE: Test script cannot connect to broker: {}'.format(broker_url))
try:
ip_address = dut.expect(r'IPv4 address: (\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)[^\d]', timeout=30)[0]
print('Connected to AP with IP: {}'.format(ip_address))
except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
print('ENV_TEST_FAILURE: Cannot connect to AP')
raise
print('Checking py-client received msg published from esp...')
if not event_client_received_correct.wait(timeout=30):
raise ValueError('Wrong data received, msg log: {}'.format(message_log))
print('Checking esp-client received msg published from py-client...')
dut.expect(r'DATA=data_to_esp32', timeout=30)
finally:
event_stop_client.set()
thread1.join()

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CONFIG_BROKER_URI="wss://${EXAMPLE_MQTT_BROKER_WSS}/ws"
CONFIG_BROKER_CERTIFICATE_OVERRIDE="${EXAMPLE_MQTT_BROKER_CERTIFICATE}"
CONFIG_EXAMPLE_CONNECT_ETHERNET=y
CONFIG_EXAMPLE_CONNECT_WIFI=n
CONFIG_EXAMPLE_USE_INTERNAL_ETHERNET=y
CONFIG_EXAMPLE_ETH_PHY_IP101=y
CONFIG_EXAMPLE_ETH_MDC_GPIO=23
CONFIG_EXAMPLE_ETH_MDIO_GPIO=18
CONFIG_EXAMPLE_ETH_PHY_RST_GPIO=5
CONFIG_EXAMPLE_ETH_PHY_ADDR=1
CONFIG_EXAMPLE_CONNECT_IPV6=y
CONFIG_LWIP_TCPIP_CORE_LOCKING=y
CONFIG_LWIP_CHECK_THREAD_SAFETY=y