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ESP-Nodes/ESP-IDF_Robot/tutorial/docs/build/latex/byterider.tex
Alexandre Bobkov 5354e8b286 .
2025-07-19 02:19:33 -04:00

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\setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
\title{Byte Rider}
\date{Jul 19, 2025}
\release{06\sphinxhyphen{}2025}
\author{Alexander B}
\newcommand{\sphinxlogo}{\vbox{}}
\renewcommand{\releasename}{Release}
\makeindex
\begin{document}
\ifdefined\shorthandoff
\ifnum\catcode`\=\string=\active\shorthandoff{=}\fi
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\pagestyle{empty}
\sphinxmaketitle
\pagestyle{plain}
\sphinxtableofcontents
\pagestyle{normal}
\phantomsection\label{\detokenize{index::doc}}
\noindent\sphinxincludegraphics{{ESP-IDF_Robot}.jpg}
\sphinxstepscope
\chapter{OVERVIEW}
\label{\detokenize{intro:overview}}\label{\detokenize{intro::doc}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
At the heart of this project is a customizable remote\sphinxhyphen{}controlled car that responds to real\sphinxhyphen{}time control inputs, capable of handling speed adjustments,
directional changes, and even extended features like lights or sensors. The foundational setup uses ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW for transmitter and receiver devices,
allowing you to wirelessly guide the car’s behaviour. While the design and physical appearance of the RC car can vary wildly depending on your
creativity and available hardware, the control system remains elegantly efficient. To facilitate wireless communication between devices, the system employs
ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW , which is a lightweight and connection\sphinxhyphen{}free protocol ideal for fast, low\sphinxhyphen{}latency data transmission between ESP32 microcontrollers. Though ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW is used under
the hood, the spotlight remains on the RC car itself.
\sphinxAtStartPar
An ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW\sphinxhyphen{}based remote controller sends control data wirelessly using the ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW protocol to the remote\sphinxhyphen{}controlled car. ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW enables fast and
efficient communication between ESP32 devices without the need for a Wi\sphinxhyphen{}Fi router, network, or pairing. The provided tutorial demonstrates a functional
setup where a transmitter sends data to a receiver to define the car’s speed and direction, forming the core communication loop. While the baseline
implementation focuses on movement, additional features like lights, sensors, or telemetry can easily be integrated by expanding the source code. This
modular design gives users the freedom to customize both the appearance and behaviour of their RC car, resulting in endless creative possibilities.
\section{ABSTRACT}
\label{\detokenize{intro:abstract}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
To enable real\sphinxhyphen{}time remote operation of the RC car, the system translates joystick x\sphinxhyphen{} and y\sphinxhyphen{} axis inputs into PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals that control the DC motors.
These PWM values are stored in a predefined data structure, which is then transmitted wirelessly using ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW — a low\sphinxhyphen{}latency, connectionless
communication protocol developed by Espressif. Both the transmitter and receiver modules are based on ESP32\sphinxhyphen{}C3 microcontrollers.
\sphinxAtStartPar
On the transmitter side, the joystick’s X and Y coordinates are continuously monitored and converted into PWM parameters. These values are packed into the
data structure and sent via ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW to the receiver.
\sphinxAtStartPar
The receiver module listens for incoming ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW packets, extracts the PWM control data, and applies it directly to the DC motors. This communication flow
allows the RC car to respond instantly to user input, managing speed and direction without any physical connection between the devices.
\sphinxstepscope
\chapter{HOW DOES IT WORK?}
\label{\detokenize{overview:how-does-it-work}}\label{\detokenize{overview::doc}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
The BitByteRider RC car is powered by ESP32\sphinxhyphen{}C3 Breadboard \& Power adapter developmemt board.
The Schematic and KiCAd PCB board are available on \sphinxhref{https://github.com/alexandrebobkov/ESP32-C3\_Breadboard-Adapter}{GitHub}: \sphinxurl{https://github.com/alexandrebobkov/ESP32-C3\_Breadboard-Adapter}
\section{Reserved Pins \& GPIOs}
\label{\detokenize{overview:reserved-pins-gpios}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
The following table summarizes GPIOs and pins reserved for operations purposes.
\sphinxAtStartPar
The GPIO numbers correspond to those on the ESP32\sphinxhyphen{}C3 WROOM microcontroller. The Pin number corresponds to the pin on the Breadboard and Power adapter development board.
\subsection{Reading the Joystick x\sphinxhyphen{} and y\sphinxhyphen{} axis}
\label{\detokenize{overview:reading-the-joystick-x-and-y-axis}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
To determine the position of the Joystick, the BitRider RC car uses ADC to measure voltage on two GPIOs connected to the joystic
x\sphinxhyphen{} and y\sphinxhyphen{} axis potentionometers (\sphinxstylestrong{GPIO0} and \sphinxstylestrong{GPIO1}).
\subsection{Controlling the Direction and Speed}
\label{\detokenize{overview:controlling-the-direction-and-speed}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
To set any desired speed of BiteRider RC car, the \sphinxstyleemphasis{ESP32\sphinxhyphen{}C3 Breadboard Adapter DevBoard} uses PWM to control the rotation speed
of DR motors. Similarly, to set the direction of the RC car, the rotation speed of corresponding DC motors is changed as required.
\sphinxAtStartPar
Due to the design and limited number of available GPIOs, the \sphinxstyleemphasis{ESP32\sphinxhyphen{}C3 Breadboard DevBoard} can control rotation speed and direction
of DC motors in pairs only (i.e. left and right side). Consequently, this means that the four PWM channels used for controlling the
direction of the RC car.
\sphinxAtStartPar
Based on this constraint, the RC car can only move front, back, and turn/rotate left and right. Any other movements are not
possible (i.e. diagonal or sideways).
\begin{savenotes}\sphinxattablestart
\sphinxthistablewithglobalstyle
\centering
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}[t]{TT}
\sphinxtoprule
\sphinxtableatstartofbodyhook
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM of DC Motors
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Direction
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM(left) = PWM(right)
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Straight
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM(left) \textgreater{} PWM(right)
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Left
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM(left) \textless{} PWM(right)
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Right
\\
\sphinxbottomrule
\end{tabulary}
\sphinxtableafterendhook\par
\sphinxattableend\end{savenotes}
\begin{sphinxadmonition}{note}{What is PWM?}
\sphinxAtStartPar
\sphinxstylestrong{PWM} stands for Pulse Width Modulation. It is a technique used to simulate analog voltage levels using discrete digital signals. It works by
rapidly switching a digital GPIO pin between HIGH (on) and LOW (off) states at a fixed frequency (often, at base frequency of 5 kHz).
The duty cycle—the percentage of time the signal is HIGH in one cycle determines the effective voltage delivered to a device.
A higher duty cycle increases the motor speed, and a lower duty cycle decreases the motor speed. This allows for fine\sphinxhyphen{}grained speed control
without needing analog voltage regulators.
\end{sphinxadmonition}
\sphinxAtStartPar
A pair of PWM channels are used per DC motor for defining their rotation speed and direction on each side.
In particular, \sphinxstylestrong{GPIO6} and \sphinxstylestrong{GPIO5} provide PWM to the left\sphinxhyphen{} and right\sphinxhyphen{} side DC motors to rotate in a \sphinxstylestrong{clockwise} direction.
Similarly, \sphinxstylestrong{GPIO4} and \sphinxstylestrong{GPIO7} provide PWM to the left\sphinxhyphen{} and right\sphinxhyphen{} side DC motors to rotate in a \sphinxstylestrong{counter\sphinxhyphen{}clockwise} direction.
Changing PWM on each channel determines the speed and direction of the RC car.
\sphinxAtStartPar
The table below summarizes the GPIO pins used for PWM to control the direction of the DC motors in the remote\sphinxhyphen{}controlled car.
\begin{quote}\begin{description}
\sphinxlineitem{class}
\sphinxAtStartPar
break
\end{description}\end{quote}
\begin{savenotes}\sphinxattablestart
\sphinxthistablewithglobalstyle
\centering
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}[t]{TTTT}
\sphinxtoprule
\sphinxstyletheadfamily
\sphinxAtStartPar
GPIOs
&\sphinxstyletheadfamily
\sphinxAtStartPar
State
&\sphinxstyletheadfamily
\sphinxAtStartPar
Description
&\sphinxstyletheadfamily
\sphinxAtStartPar
Function
\\
\sphinxmidrule
\sphinxtableatstartofbodyhook
\sphinxAtStartPar
GPIO6,
GPIO4
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Left \& Right DC Motors spin
clockwise
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Forward
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
GPIO5,
GPIO7
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Left \& Right DC Motors spin
counterclockwise
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Reverse
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
GPIO6,
GPIO7
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Left DC Motors spin clockwise.
Right DC Motors spin counterclockwise
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Left
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
GPIO4,
GPIO5
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Left DC Motors spin counterclockwise.
Right DC Motors spin clockwise
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Right
\\
\sphinxbottomrule
\end{tabulary}
\sphinxtableafterendhook\par
\sphinxattableend\end{savenotes}
\sphinxAtStartPar
The following images illustrate various PWM duty cycles registered by oscilloscope (duty cycles 0\%, 48\% and 91\%, resp.).
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\capstart
\noindent\sphinxincludegraphics{{ESP-IDF_Robot_PWM_Duty-0}.bmp}
\caption{DC Motor PWM duty cycle 0\%}\label{\detokenize{overview:id1}}\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\capstart
\noindent\sphinxincludegraphics{{ESP-IDF_Robot_PWM_Duty-50}.bmp}
\caption{DC Motor PWM duty cycle 47.6\%}\label{\detokenize{overview:id2}}\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\capstart
\noindent\sphinxincludegraphics{{ESP-IDF_Robot_PWM_Duty-95}.bmp}
\caption{DC Motor PWM duty cycle 90.8\%}\label{\detokenize{overview:id3}}\end{figure}
\begin{savenotes}\sphinxattablestart
\sphinxthistablewithglobalstyle
\centering
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}[t]{TTTT}
\sphinxtoprule
\sphinxstyletheadfamily
\sphinxAtStartPar
GPIO
&\sphinxstyletheadfamily
\sphinxAtStartPar
Pin
&\sphinxstyletheadfamily
\sphinxAtStartPar
Function
&\sphinxstyletheadfamily
\sphinxAtStartPar
Notes
\\
\sphinxmidrule
\sphinxtableatstartofbodyhook
\sphinxAtStartPar
0
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
16
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Joystick x\sphinxhyphen{}axis
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
ADC1\_CH0
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
1
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
15
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Joystick y\sphinxhyphen{}axis
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
ADC1\_CH1
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
8
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
5
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
Joystick push button
&\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
6
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
4
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM for clockwise rotation of left\sphinxhyphen{}side motors
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
LEDC\_CHANNEL\_1
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
5
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
3
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM for clockwise rotation of right\sphinxhyphen{}side motors
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
LEDC\_CHANNEL\_0
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
4
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
2
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM for counter\sphinxhyphen{}clockwise rotation of right\sphinxhyphen{}side motors
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
LEDC\_CHANNEL\_2
\\
\sphinxhline
\sphinxAtStartPar
7
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
6
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
PWM for counter\sphinxhyphen{}clockwise rotation of left\sphinxhyphen{}side motors
&
\sphinxAtStartPar
LEDC\_CHANNEL\_3
\\
\sphinxbottomrule
\end{tabulary}
\sphinxtableafterendhook\par
\sphinxattableend\end{savenotes}
\section{Fusion of Software with Hardware}
\label{\detokenize{overview:fusion-of-software-with-hardware}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
The \sphinxstyleemphasis{struct} for storing motors PWM values.
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{k}{struct}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n+nc}{motors\PYGZus{}rpm}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor1\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor2\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor3\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor4\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}\PYG{p}{;}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\sphinxAtStartPar
The function for updating motors’ PWM values.
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{c+c1}{// Function to send data to the receiver}
\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n+nf}{sendData}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{sensors\PYGZus{}data\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Declare data struct}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{crc}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{x\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{y\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{nav\PYGZus{}bttn}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{motor1\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{motor2\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{motor3\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{motor4\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Display brief summary of data being sent.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGI}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{TAG}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{Joystick (x,y) position ( 0x\PYGZpc{}04X, 0x\PYGZpc{}04X )}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{x\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{y\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGI}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{TAG}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{pwm 1, pwm 2 [ 0x\PYGZpc{}04X, 0x\PYGZpc{}04X ]}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{pwm}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{pwm}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGI}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{TAG}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{pwm 3, pwm 4 [ 0x\PYGZpc{}04X, 0x\PYGZpc{}04X ]}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{pwm}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{pwm}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Call ESP\PYGZhy{}NOW function to send data (MAC address of receiver, pointer to the memory holding data \PYGZam{} data length)}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{result}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{esp\PYGZus{}now\PYGZus{}send}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{receiver\PYGZus{}mac}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{\PYGZam{}}\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{sizeof}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// If status is NOT OK, display error message and error code (in hexadecimal).}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{if}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{result}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{!}\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGE}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{ESP\PYGZhy{}NOW}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{Error sending data! Error code: 0x\PYGZpc{}04X}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{result}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{deletePeer}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{else}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGW}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{ESP\PYGZhy{}NOW}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{Data was sent.}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\sphinxAtStartPar
The onDataReceived() and onDataSent() are two call\sphinxhyphen{}bacl functions that get evoked on each corresponding event.
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{c+c1}{// Call\PYGZhy{}back for the event when data is being received}
\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n+nf}{onDataReceived}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{*}\PYG{n}{mac\PYGZus{}addr}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{*}\PYG{n}{data}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{data\PYGZus{}len}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buf}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{sensors\PYGZus{}data\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{o}{*}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{n}{data}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Allocate memory for buffer to store data being received}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGW}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{TAG}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{Data was received}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGI}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{TAG}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{x\PYGZhy{}axis: 0x\PYGZpc{}04x}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buf}\PYG{o}{\PYGZhy{}}\PYG{o}{\PYGZgt{}}\PYG{n}{x\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGI}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{TAG}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{x\PYGZhy{}axis: 0x\PYGZpc{}04x}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buf}\PYG{o}{\PYGZhy{}}\PYG{o}{\PYGZgt{}}\PYG{n}{y\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGI}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{TAG}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{PWM 1: 0x\PYGZpc{}04x}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buf}\PYG{o}{\PYGZhy{}}\PYG{o}{\PYGZgt{}}\PYG{n}{motor1\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\PYG{c+c1}{// Call\PYGZhy{}back for the event when data is being sent}
\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n+nf}{onDataSent}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{*}\PYG{n}{mac\PYGZus{}addr}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{esp\PYGZus{}now\PYGZus{}send\PYGZus{}status\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{status}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGW}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{TAG}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{Packet send status: 0x\PYGZpc{}04X}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{status}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\sphinxAtStartPar
The rc\_send\_data\_task() function runs every 0.1 second to transmit the data to the receiver.
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{c+c1}{// Continous, periodic task that sends data.}
\PYG{k}{static}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n+nf}{rc\PYGZus{}send\PYGZus{}data\PYGZus{}task}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{*}\PYG{n}{arg}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{while}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n+nb}{true}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{if}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{esp\PYGZus{}now\PYGZus{}is\PYGZus{}peer\PYGZus{}exist}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{receiver\PYGZus{}mac}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{)}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{sendData}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{vTaskDelay}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{l+m+mi}{100}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{/}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{portTICK\PYGZus{}PERIOD\PYGZus{}MS}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\section{Schematic}
\label{\detokenize{overview:schematic}}
\noindent\sphinxincludegraphics{{ESP-IDF_Robot_schematic}.png}
\sphinxstepscope
\chapter{DATA STRUCTS}
\label{\detokenize{data:data-structs}}\label{\detokenize{data::doc}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
The struct serves as the data payload for sending control signals from the transmitting device to the receiver using ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW.
In addition, it may contain additional data such as telemetry, battery status, etc. The \sphinxstyleemphasis{sensors\_data\_t} struct encapsulates all control commands and sensor states
relevant to the vehicle’s operation. It’s intended to be sent from a transmitting device (like a remote control) to a receiver
(such as a microcontroller on board of the vehicle).
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{k}{typedef}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{struct}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{x\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Joystick x\PYGZhy{}position}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{y\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Joystick y\PYGZhy{}position}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{bool}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{nav\PYGZus{}bttn}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Joystick push button}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{bool}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{led}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// LED ON/OFF state}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor1\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// PWMs for 4 DC motors}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor2\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor3\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor4\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{\PYGZus{}\PYGZus{}attribute\PYGZus{}\PYGZus{}}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{packed}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{sensors\PYGZus{}data\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{p}{;}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{k}{struct}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n+nc}{motors\PYGZus{}rpm}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor1\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor2\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor3\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor4\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}\PYG{p}{;}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\sphinxAtStartPar
When used with communication protocols like ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW, this struct is \sphinxstylestrong{encoded} into a byte stream, then
\sphinxstylestrong{transmitted} at regular intervals or in response to user input, and finally
\sphinxstylestrong{decoded} on the receiving end to control hardware.
\begin{sphinxadmonition}{note}{What is struct?}
\sphinxAtStartPar
In C programming, a struct (short for structure) is a user\sphinxhyphen{}defined data type that lets you group multiple variables of different types together under a
single name. It’s like a container that holds related information — perfect for organizing data that logically belongs together. Structs are especially
powerful in systems programming, embedded projects, and when dealing with raw binary data — like parsing sensor input or transmitting control packets over
ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW.
\end{sphinxadmonition}
\section{Data Payload}
\label{\detokenize{data:data-payload}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
\sphinxstyleemphasis{x\_axis} and \sphinxstyleemphasis{y\_axis} fields capture analog input from a joystick, determining direction and speed.
\sphinxstyleemphasis{nav\_bttn} represents a joystick push\sphinxhyphen{}button.
\sphinxAtStartPar
\sphinxstyleemphasis{led} allows the transmitter to toggle an onboard LED and is used for status indication (e.g. pairing, battery warning, etc).
\sphinxAtStartPar
\sphinxstyleemphasis{motor1\_rpm\_pwm} to \sphinxstyleemphasis{motor4\_rpm\_pwm} provide individual PWM signals to four DC motors.
This enables fine\sphinxhyphen{}grained speed control, supports differential drive configurations, and even allows for maneuvering in multi\sphinxhyphen{}directional platforms like omni\sphinxhyphen{}wheel robots.
\subsection{Why use \_\_attribute((packed))?}
\label{\detokenize{data:why-use-attribute-packed}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW uses fixed\sphinxhyphen{}size data packets (up to 250 bytes). The \sphinxstyleemphasis{\_\_attribute\_\_((packed))} removes compiler\sphinxhyphen{}added padding for precise byte alignment.
\sphinxAtStartPar
As \sphinxstyleemphasis{packed} attribute tells the compiler not to add any padding between fields in memory, this makes the struct:
\begin{itemize}
\item {}
\sphinxAtStartPar
Compact
\item {}
\sphinxAtStartPar
Predictable for serialization over protocols like UART or ESP\sphinxhyphen{}NOW
\item {}
\sphinxAtStartPar
Ideal for low\sphinxhyphen{}latency transmission in embedded systems
\end{itemize}
\sphinxAtStartPar
This ensures the receiver interprets the exact byte layout you expect, minimizing bandwidth and maximizing compatibility across platforms.
\sphinxstepscope
\chapter{TRANSMITTER}
\label{\detokenize{transmitter:transmitter}}\label{\detokenize{transmitter::doc}}
\section{Configuration Variables}
\label{\detokenize{transmitter:configuration-variables}}
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{receiver\PYGZus{}mac}\PYG{p}{[}\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}NOW\PYGZus{}ETH\PYGZus{}ALEN}\PYG{p}{]}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}\PYG{l+m+mh}{0xe4}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mh}{0xb0}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mh}{0x63}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mh}{0x17}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mh}{0x9e}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mh}{0x44}\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{k}{typedef}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{struct}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{x\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Joystick x\PYGZhy{}position}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{y\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Joystick y\PYGZhy{}position}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{bool}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{nav\PYGZus{}btn}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Joystick push button}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{bool}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{led}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// LED ON/OFF state}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor1\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// PWMs for each DC motor}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor2\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor3\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor4\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{\PYGZus{}\PYGZus{}attribute\PYGZus{}\PYGZus{}}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{packed}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{sensors\PYGZus{}data\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{p}{;}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\section{Reading Joystick x\sphinxhyphen{} and y\sphinxhyphen{} Axis Values}
\label{\detokenize{transmitter:reading-joystick-x-and-y-axis-values}}
\section{Sending \& Ecapsulating Data}
\label{\detokenize{transmitter:sending-ecapsulating-data}}
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n+nf}{sendData}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{x\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{x\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{y\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{y\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Call ESP\PYGZhy{}NOW function to send data (MAC address of receiver, pointer to the memory holding data \PYGZam{} data length)}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{result}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{esp\PYGZus{}now\PYGZus{}send}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{o}{*}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{n}{receiver\PYGZus{}mac}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{*}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{o}{\PYGZam{}}\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{sizeof}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{buffer}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\section{Main Function}
\label{\detokenize{transmitter:main-function}}
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{c+cp}{\PYGZsh{}}\PYG{c+cp}{include}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+cpf}{\PYGZdq{}freertos/FreeRTOS.h\PYGZdq{}}
\PYG{c+cp}{\PYGZsh{}}\PYG{c+cp}{include}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+cpf}{\PYGZdq{}nvs\PYGZus{}flash.h\PYGZdq{}}
\PYG{c+cp}{\PYGZsh{}}\PYG{c+cp}{include}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+cpf}{\PYGZdq{}esp\PYGZus{}err.h\PYGZdq{}}
\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{app\PYGZus{}main}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Initialize internal temperature sensor}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{chip\PYGZus{}sensor\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Initialize NVS}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{esp\PYGZus{}err\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ret}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{nvs\PYGZus{}flash\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{if}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{ret}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERR\PYGZus{}NVS\PYGZus{}NO\PYGZus{}FREE\PYGZus{}PAGES}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{|}\PYG{o}{|}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ret}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERR\PYGZus{}NVS\PYGZus{}NEW\PYGZus{}VERSION\PYGZus{}FOUND}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERROR\PYGZus{}CHECK}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{nvs\PYGZus{}flash\PYGZus{}erase}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ret}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{nvs\PYGZus{}flash\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERROR\PYGZus{}CHECK}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ret}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{wifi\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{joystick\PYGZus{}adc\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{transmission\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{system\PYGZus{}led\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\sphinxstepscope
\chapter{RECEIVER}
\label{\detokenize{receiver:receiver}}\label{\detokenize{receiver::doc}}
\section{Configuration Variables}
\label{\detokenize{receiver:configuration-variables}}
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{transmitter\PYGZus{}mac}\PYG{p}{[}\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}NOW\PYGZus{}ETH\PYGZus{}ALEN}\PYG{p}{]}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}\PYG{l+m+mh}{0x9C}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mh}{0x9E}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mh}{0x6E}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mh}{0x14}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mh}{0xB5}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mh}{0x54}\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{k}{typedef}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{struct}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{x\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Joystick x\PYGZhy{}position}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{y\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Joystick y\PYGZhy{}position}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{bool}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{nav\PYGZus{}bttn}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Joystick push button}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{bool}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{led}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// LED ON/OFF state}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor1\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// PWMs for 4 DC motors}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor2\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor3\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor4\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{\PYGZus{}\PYGZus{}attribute\PYGZus{}\PYGZus{}}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{packed}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{sensors\PYGZus{}data\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{p}{;}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{k}{struct}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n+nc}{motors\PYGZus{}rpm}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor1\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor2\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor3\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{int}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{motor4\PYGZus{}rpm\PYGZus{}pwm}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}\PYG{p}{;}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\section{Receiving \& Extracting Data}
\label{\detokenize{receiver:receiving-extracting-data}}
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n+nf}{onDataReceived}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k}{const}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{*}\PYG{n}{mac\PYGZus{}addr}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{const}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{*}\PYG{n}{data}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k+kt}{uint8\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{data\PYGZus{}len}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}LOGI}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{TAG}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{l+s}{Data received from: \PYGZpc{}02x:\PYGZpc{}02x:\PYGZpc{}02x:\PYGZpc{}02x:\PYGZpc{}02x:\PYGZpc{}02x, len=\PYGZpc{}d}\PYG{l+s}{\PYGZdq{}}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{mac\PYGZus{}addr}\PYG{p}{[}\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{]}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{mac\PYGZus{}addr}\PYG{p}{[}\PYG{l+m+mi}{1}\PYG{p}{]}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{mac\PYGZus{}addr}\PYG{p}{[}\PYG{l+m+mi}{2}\PYG{p}{]}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{mac\PYGZus{}addr}\PYG{p}{[}\PYG{l+m+mi}{3}\PYG{p}{]}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{mac\PYGZus{}addr}\PYG{p}{[}\PYG{l+m+mi}{4}\PYG{p}{]}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{mac\PYGZus{}addr}\PYG{p}{[}\PYG{l+m+mi}{5}\PYG{p}{]}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{data\PYGZus{}len}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{memcpy}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{o}{\PYGZam{}}\PYG{n}{buf}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{data}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{sizeof}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{buf}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{x\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buf}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{x\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{y\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{buf}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{y\PYGZus{}axis}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\section{Main Function}
\label{\detokenize{receiver:main-function}}
\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
\PYG{c+cp}{\PYGZsh{}}\PYG{c+cp}{include}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+cpf}{\PYGZlt{}string.h\PYGZgt{}}
\PYG{c+cp}{\PYGZsh{}}\PYG{c+cp}{include}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+cpf}{\PYGZdq{}freertos/FreeRTOS.h\PYGZdq{}}
\PYG{c+cp}{\PYGZsh{}}\PYG{c+cp}{include}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+cpf}{\PYGZdq{}nvs\PYGZus{}flash.h\PYGZdq{}}
\PYG{c+cp}{\PYGZsh{}}\PYG{c+cp}{include}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+cpf}{\PYGZdq{}esp\PYGZus{}err.h\PYGZdq{}}
\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{app\PYGZus{}main}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Initialize NVS}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{esp\PYGZus{}err\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ret}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{nvs\PYGZus{}flash\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{k}{if}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{ret}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERR\PYGZus{}NVS\PYGZus{}NO\PYGZus{}FREE\PYGZus{}PAGES}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{|}\PYG{o}{|}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ret}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERR\PYGZus{}NVS\PYGZus{}NEW\PYGZus{}VERSION\PYGZus{}FOUND}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERROR\PYGZus{}CHECK}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{nvs\PYGZus{}flash\PYGZus{}erase}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ret}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{nvs\PYGZus{}flash\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERROR\PYGZus{}CHECK}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ret}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{wifi\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERROR\PYGZus{}CHECK}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{esp\PYGZus{}now\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{esp\PYGZus{}now\PYGZus{}peer\PYGZus{}info\PYGZus{}t}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{transmitterInfo}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{\PYGZob{}}\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{memcpy}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{transmitterInfo}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{peer\PYGZus{}addr}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{transmitter\PYGZus{}mac}\PYG{p}{,}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}NOW\PYGZus{}ETH\PYGZus{}ALEN}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{transmitterInfo}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{channel}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{l+m+mi}{0}\PYG{p}{;}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{c+c1}{// Current WiFi channel}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{transmitterInfo}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{ifidx}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}IF\PYGZus{}WIFI\PYGZus{}STA}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{transmitterInfo}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{n}{encrypt}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{o}{=}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n+nb}{false}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERROR\PYGZus{}CHECK}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{esp\PYGZus{}now\PYGZus{}add\PYGZus{}peer}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{o}{\PYGZam{}}\PYG{n}{transmitterInfo}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{ESP\PYGZus{}ERROR\PYGZus{}CHECK}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{n}{esp\PYGZus{}now\PYGZus{}register\PYGZus{}recv\PYGZus{}cb}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{k+kt}{void}\PYG{o}{*}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{n}{onDataReceived}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{n}{system\PYGZus{}led\PYGZus{}init}\PYG{p}{(}\PYG{p}{)}\PYG{p}{;}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{+w}{ }\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}\PYG{p}{.}
\PYG{p}{\PYGZcb{}}
\end{sphinxVerbatim}
\sphinxstepscope
\chapter{WORK\sphinxhyphen{}IN\sphinxhyphen{}PROGRESS WALK THROUGH}
\label{\detokenize{progress:work-in-progress-walk-through}}\label{\detokenize{progress::doc}}
\section{Finished Work}
\label{\detokenize{progress:finished-work}}
\noindent\sphinxincludegraphics{{ESP-IDF_Robot}.jpg}
\section{Chassis}
\label{\detokenize{progress:chassis}}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\capstart
\noindent\sphinxincludegraphics[height=300\sphinxpxdimen]{{chassi-progress_002d}.jpg}
\caption{Completed chassis with only DC motor controllers installed.}\label{\detokenize{progress:id1}}\end{figure}
\section{Wiring}
\label{\detokenize{progress:wiring}}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\capstart
\noindent\sphinxincludegraphics[height=750\sphinxpxdimen]{{chassi-progress_003a}.jpg}
\caption{Completed wiring.}\label{\detokenize{progress:id2}}\end{figure}
\section{Motor Wires Harness}
\label{\detokenize{progress:motor-wires-harness}}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\capstart
\noindent\sphinxincludegraphics{{motors-wiring-harness-001}.jpg}
\caption{DC Motors wires secured inside harnes.}\label{\detokenize{progress:id3}}\end{figure}
\sphinxstepscope
\chapter{REFERENCES}
\label{\detokenize{references:references}}\label{\detokenize{references::doc}}
\section{GitHub}
\label{\detokenize{references:github}}
\sphinxAtStartPar
Complete source \sphinxhref{https://github.com/alexandrebobkov/ESP-Nodes/blob/main/ESP-IDF\_Robot/README.md}{code} with README.md file: \sphinxurl{https://github.com/alexandrebobkov/ESP-Nodes/blob/main/ESP-IDF\_Robot/README.md}
\sphinxAtStartPar
KiCAd \sphinxhref{https://github.com/alexandrebobkov/ESP32-C3\_Breadboard-Adapter}{Schematic} and PCB design: \sphinxurl{https://github.com/alexandrebobkov/ESP32-C3\_Breadboard-Adapter}
\renewcommand{\indexname}{Index}
\printindex
\end{document}
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