[C++]: wrapper functions around unwind code

* Replaced all C++ exception related
  functions with wrappers if -fno-exception
  is used. This prevents linking of the
  corresponding code in libgcc. The code
  size will decrease by around 7-9 KB when
  building with -fno-exception.
* added no except test app

Closes https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/pull/5380
Closes https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/issues/5363
Closes https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/issues/5224
Closes IDFGH-3153
Closes IDF-2577

tools/test_apps/system/cxx_no_except/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# The following lines of boilerplate have to be in your project's CMakeLists
+# in this exact order for cmake to work correctly
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
+
+include($ENV{IDF_PATH}/tools/cmake/project.cmake)
+project(cxx_no_except)

tools/test_apps/system/cxx_no_except/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| Supported Targets | ESP32 | ESP32-C3 |
+| ----------------- | ----- | -------- |

tools/test_apps/system/cxx_no_except/main/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+idf_component_register(SRCS "main.cpp"
+                       INCLUDE_DIRS ".")

tools/test_apps/system/cxx_no_except/main/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+    No except example.
+
+    This example code is in the Public Domain (or CC0 licensed, at your option.)
+
+    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, this
+    software is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR
+    CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+*/
+
+#include "esp_system.h"
+#include <new>
+#include "freertos/FreeRTOS.h"
+#include "freertos/task.h"
+
+extern "C" void app_main()
+{
+    char *char_array = new (std::nothrow) char [47];
+
+    for (int i = 10; i >= 0; i--) {
+        char_array[i] = i;
+        vTaskDelay(1000 / portTICK_PERIOD_MS);
+    }
+    esp_restart();
+
+    delete [] char_array;
+}

tools/test_apps/system/cxx_no_except/sdkconfig.ci.riscv

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+CONFIG_IDF_TARGET="esp32c3"
+CONFIG_COMPILER_CXX_EXCEPTIONS=n

tools/test_apps/system/cxx_no_except/sdkconfig.ci.xtensa

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+CONFIG_IDF_TARGET="esp32"
+CONFIG_COMPILER_CXX_EXCEPTIONS=n